Our followup Karaoke system [1] can support more users by adding more servers, but we still have more work to do to support billions of users. Regardless, I think it's worth deploying these research prototypes to get a sense of what problems matter to users.
What Gmail did when they started up was to give each early user a small number of invites to hand out to others. That way someone could quickly register, say, five email addresses, but only at the cost of being able to invite five of their friends.
I used pwclip [1] for several years but I no longer believe that hash-based password managers are the best plan. Now I'm using Seal [2], which is like pass but doesn't depend on gpg.