There was probably some significant debasement and other funny tricks by the rulers of the day to intentionally inflate (state) purchasing power, and obviously there was some inflation via gold/silver mining and trade from the East. These combined with the above probably netted out of the long time-span.
It's not like they had bitcoin or central banking policy. The West didn't even have paper currency during this era; they didn't have access to inflationary levers to pull.
Not an economist either, but lately I've been enjoying Piketty's "Capital in the 21st Century", and he describes how England and France saw very little inflation for most of the 18th and 19th centuries. This monetary regime allowed a "society of rentiers" to prosper – wealthy individuals could live off the income from assets like government bonds indefinitely without needing to really work (lack of inflation meant that income wouldn't devalue over time).
The story changes in the 20th century of course – governments racked up huge debts from world wars and related crises but instead of paying them down gradually over a long time (as England did after the Napoleonic wars in the previous century), they inflated their way out ("euthanizing" much of the idle rentier class in the process).
Historical economics is pretty fascinating – studying the past in this way really makes it clear how exceptional of a time we are living in now.
I am an athlete, but not an extremely fit one. I do cycling, 5-10 hours a week.
On a good weather day, I can leave the house on the bicycle, ride for 2-3 hours at a casual/slightly-brisk pace, and burn as much as 1500 calories in a day. I bring a light snack & a bottle of water, but i don't go crazy with "nutrition" - just a granola bar & water.
Not putting down crazy numbers either, averaging maybe 80 watts / hour for 2-3 hours. I do this once or twice a month.
I went back & looked at my most recent "long ride" this fall to see for sure - and you're right. my avg wattage for this ride is 108 ; 80 watts is what I usually do when riding with someone else, ie socially, so that was the ballpark figure I used.
My home servers only last about a year or two before i need to tinker & change things. I don’t need 5 yrs of lts support in the OS - 2 yrs of fedora is fine.
We use rhel at work & have always paid for the licenses.
No seriously - people aren't gonna not use their phones. But they will let someone ferry/train/bus/drive them while they use their phones (read, watch, create, etc.).
In the USA, when you force everyone to become a driver out of necessity, you get a lot of people who aren't interested in driving, driving on the shared road resource. If they had a viable alternative, they would use it instead - especially one that allowed them to keep using their phones while in transit.
I can observe this with myself. I have times where I want to use my commute to read a nice article, listen to a mix or a podcast, and then I tend to go by piblic transport
I recently rode in an Iberia Air Airbus A350. I was struck by how the paint seemed to be dirty / droopy under the windows. This was supposedly a ~10 year old plane (I forget the tail number, so I can't look it up).
The definition has to be specific because the words "school shooting" mean different things, mentally and emotionally, to different people. Another commenter posted that "a weapon discharged in a school parking lot, at midnight" would count the same quantity as a Columbine. To me, those two events just aren't of the same gravity.
(to be clear, NO shootings in and around schools, involving children or otherwise, is the correct number of school shootings to have, in my opinion).
I, at least to align the definition with my take on the common thought process, need the definition to include schoolchildren in danger or harmed/worse. It's too ambiguous to include "oops i pulled the trigger aiming at the ground, on a weekend" in the same category as Columbine or similar tragedies.
If we want to get serious about solving the problem, it starts by quantifying the problem. Otherwise it isn't falsifiable, and is unscientific.
As an aside, the name of the city is Córdoba - not "Cordóba" which would be the default pronunciation with no accent.
That said, Spanish / Moorish middle-age architecture is among the best and most beautiful in my opinion. Seeing how the later Christians borrowed so heavily from Islamic architecture and tradition shows that good ideas survive the test of time.
- gold/silver standards of the time (disinflationary)
- currency in bullion or coinage of a relatively fixed qty (disinflationary)
- low credit supply & banking industry (not inflationary) - labor supply growth (deflationary)
- productivity growth (deflationary)
- war/crises (often deflationary)
There was probably some significant debasement and other funny tricks by the rulers of the day to intentionally inflate (state) purchasing power, and obviously there was some inflation via gold/silver mining and trade from the East. These combined with the above probably netted out of the long time-span.
It's not like they had bitcoin or central banking policy. The West didn't even have paper currency during this era; they didn't have access to inflationary levers to pull.