I make it clear that things aren't working as soon as I can without giving ultimatums. If that isn't enough to trigger a response, then a desperate counter-offer is doing it for the wrong reasons.

It's the company's and manager's responsibility to offer to support career progression, but IMO it's inappropriately paternalistic to insist on it.

And unless companies adjust salaries to keep up with market without arm twisting or requiring employees to run on a hamster wheel to "level up" and "prove they can do the job", the easier choice is to leave.