The domain name is transmitted as a sequence of labels plus one byte for each label's length, followed by a null byte for the root label. Everything together must fit into 255 bytes.
So the domain name x.y.z (technically x.y.z. with the empty space after the last dot representing the root label) uses the following bytes:
[length of x][x][length of y][y][length of z][z][length of root label, i.e. 0]
Since we usually add dots to visually separate labels, you can imagine the dots and inner length bytes cancelling each other out, leaving the first length byte and the last null byte as the two "missing" bytes.
Amusingly, there's a backward compatibility issue where the first name on a Let's Encrypt certificate can only be, at most, 63 characters long (because it gets represented in the CN field, which is limited this way). All of the other names get represented only in SAN extensions, which don't have the same limit.
So, if you need a Let's Encrypt certificate for a name over 63 characters in length, you have to also put another name on that certificate that is shorter, so Let's Encrypt has something to put in the CN field.
a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i.j.k.l.m.n.oo.pp.qqq.rrrr.ssssss.tttttttt.uuuuuuuuuuu.vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv.wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.me